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GCOS    
/jee'kohs/ An {operating system} developed
by {General Electric} from 1962; originally called GECOS (the
General Electric Comprehensive Operating System).

The GECOS-II operating system was developed by {General
Electric} for the 36-bit {GE-635} in 1962-1964. Contrary to
rumour, GECOS was not cloned from {System/360} [{DOS/360}?] -
the GE-635 architecture was very different from the {IBM 360}
and GECOS was more ambitious than DOS/360.

GE Information Service Divsion developed a large special
multi-computer system that was not publicised because they did
not wish {time sharing} customers to challenge their bills.
Although GE ISD was marketing {DTSS} - the first commercial
time sharing system - GE Computer Division had no license from
Dartmouth and GE-ISD to market it to external customers, so
they designed a time-sharing system to sell as a standard part
of GECOS-III, which replaced GECOS-II in 1967. GECOS TSS was
more general purpose than DTSS, it was more a programmer's
tool (program editing, e-mail on a single system) than a BASIC
TSS.

The {GE-645}, a modified 635 built by the same people, was
selected by {MIT} and {Bell} for the {Multics} project.
Multics' infancy was as painful as any infancy. Bell pulled
out in 1969 and later produced {Unix}.

After the buy-out of GE's computer division by {Honeywell},
GECOS-III was renamed GCOS-3 (General Comprehensive Operating
System). Other OS groups at Honeywell began referring to it
as "God's Chosen Operating System", allegedly in reaction to
the GCOS crowd's uninformed and snotty attitude about the
superiority of their product. [Can anyone confirm this?]
GCOS won and this led in the orphaning and eventual death of
Honeywell {Multics}.

Honeywell also decided to launch a new product line called
Level64, and later DPS-7. It was decided to mainatin, at
least temporarily, the 36-bit machine as top of the line,
because GCOS-3 was so successfull in the 1970s. The plan in
1972-1973 was that GCOS-3 and Multics should converge. This
plan was killed by Honeywell management in 1973 for lack of
resources and the inability of Multics, lacking {databases}
and {transaction processing}, to act as a business operating
system without a substantial reinvestment.

The name "GCOS" was extended to all Honeywell-marketed product
lines and GCOS-64, a completely different 32-bit operating
system, significanctly inspired by Multics, was designed in
France and Boston. GCOS-62, another different 32-bit low-end
DOS level was designed in Italy. GCOS-61 represented a new
version of a small system made in France and the new {DPS-6}
16-bit {minicomputer} line got GCOS-6.

When the intended merge between GCOS-3 and Multics failed, the
Phoenix designers had in mind a big upgrade of the
architecture to introduce {segmentation} and {capabilities}.
GCOS-3 was renamed GCOS-8, well before it started to use the
new features which were introduced in next generation
hardware.

The GCOS licenses were sold to the Japanese companies {NEC}
and {Toshiba} who developed the Honeywell products, including
GCOS, much further, surpassing the {IBM 3090} and {IBM 390}.

When Honeywell decided in 1984 to get its top of the range
machines from NEC, they considered running Multics on them but
the Multics market was considered too small. Due to the
difficulty of porting the ancient Multics code they considered
modifying the NEC hardware to support the Multics compilers.

GCOS3 featured a good {Codasyl} {database} called IDS
(Integrated Data Store) that was the model for the more
successful {IDMS}.

Several versions of transaction processing were designed for
GCOS-3 and GCOS-8. An early attempt at TP for GCOS-3, not
taken up in Europe, assumed that, as in {Unix}, a new process
should be started to handle each transaction. IBM customers
required a more efficient model where multiplexed {threads}
wait for messages and can share resources. Those features
were implemented as subsystems.

GCOS-3 soon acquired a proper {TP monitor} called Transaction
Driven System (TDS). TDS was essentially a Honeywell
development. It later evolved into TP8 on GCOS-8. TDS and
its developments were commercially successful and predated IBM
{CICS}, which had a very similar architecture.

GCOS-6 and GCOS-4 (ex-GCOS-62) were superseded by {Motorola
68000}-based {minicomputers} running {Unix} and the product
lines were discontinued.

In the late 1980s Bull took over Honeywell and Bull's
management chose Unix, probably with the intent to move out of
hardware into {middleware}. Bull killed the Boston proposal
to port Multics to a platform derived from DPS-6. Very few
customers rushed to convert from GCOS to Unix and new machines
(of CMOS technology) were still to be introduced in 1997 with
GCOS-8. GCOS played a major role in keeping Honeywell a
dismal also-ran in the {mainframe} market.

Some early Unix systems at {Bell Labs} used GCOS machines for
print spooling and various other services. The field added to
"/etc/passwd" to carry GCOS ID information was called the
"{GECOS field}" and survives today as the "pw_gecos" member
used for the user's full name and other human-ID information.

[{Jargon File}]

(1998-04-23)

General Comprehensive Operating System (Honeywell, OS, Honeywell Series 60, Honeywell Series 6000)

GCOS: /jee´kohs/, n. A quick-and-dirty
clone of System/360 DOS that emerged from GE around
1970; originally called GECOS (the General Electric Comprehensive Operating
System). Later kluged to support primitive timesharing and transaction
processing. After the buyout of GE's computer division by Honeywell, the
name was changed to General Comprehensive Operating System (GCOS). Other
OS groups at Honeywell began referring to it as ‘God's Chosen
Operating System’, allegedly in reaction to the GCOS crowd's
uninformed and snotty attitude about the superiority of their product. All
this might be of zero interest, except for two facts: (1) The GCOS people
won the political war, and this led in the orphaning and eventual death of
Honeywell Multics, and (2) GECOS/GCOS left one
permanent mark on Unix. Some early Unix systems at Bell Labs used GCOS
machines for print spooling and various other services; the field added to
/etc/passwd to carry GCOS ID information was called
the GECOS field and survives today as
the pw_gecos member used for the user's
full name and other human-ID information. GCOS later played a major role
in keeping Honeywell a dismal also-ran in the mainframe market, and was
itself mostly ditched for Unix in the late 1980s when Honeywell began to
retire its aging big iron designs.


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GCOS查看　GCOS　在百度字典中的解释百度英翻中〔查看〕
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英文字典中文字典相关资料:


  • Essential Climate Variables - World Meteorological Organization
    The Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) is co-sponsored by WMO, IOC-UNESCO, UNEP, and ISC GCOS is supported by the European Union
  • Organization and Governance - gcos. wmo. int
    Organization GCOS is directed by its Steering Committee, which provides guidance, coordination, and oversight to the programme Three scientific panels, reporting to the Steering Committee, define the observations needed in each of the main global domains (atmosphere, oceans, and land) and make recommendations for implementing a global observing system for climate
  • GSRN Task Team - gcos. wmo. int
    GCOS has been working since 2015 on establishing a GCOS Surface Reference Network (GSRN) A paper in the International Journal of Communication (IJOC), (Thorne et al , 2018) provides the scientific rationale
  • GCOS National Coordinators for Climate Observations
    The Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) is co-sponsored by WMO, IOC-UNESCO, UNEP, and ISC GCOS is supported by the European Union
  • Global Climate Observing System (GCOS)
    The Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) is co-sponsored by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (IOC-UNESCO), the United Nations Environment Programme (UN Environment), and the International Science Council (ISC) It regularly assesses the states of global climate
  • National Focal Points for the GCOS Networks
    There are National Focal Points for GCOS and related Climatological Data in more than 100 countries An updated list of national focal points is available at the WMO CountryProfile Database Their Terms of References are:
  • OOPC in situ - gcos. wmo. int
    Thirteen mature global observing networks currently track changes in ocean conditions and ocean climate under the Global Ocean Observing System’s (GOOS) Observations Coordination Group Observing networks currently recognised by OCG include Argo, OceanGliders, OceanSITES, Ships of Opportunity Programme and the Global Sea Level Observing System (GLOSS), amongst others
  • Publications - World Meteorological Organization
    GCOS Number Title Meeting Short Title e-version available; GCOS-267: Final Report of the Task Team on Lightning Observations for Climate Applications (TT-LOCA) - 2024
  • GCOS Secretariat
    The GCOS Secretariat, located at the WMO headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland, supports the activities of the Steering Committee, the GCOS panels and the GCOS programme as a whole
  • Evaporation from Land
    The requirements are found in the complete 2022 ECVs Requirements document as well: ECV Evaporation from Land (*) Goal (G): an ideal requirement above which further improvements are not necessary Breakthrough (B): an intermediate level between threshold and goal which, if achieved, would result in a significant improvement for the targeted application





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